Canada's three territories are located in the north. Unlike provinces, territories do not have the same constitutional status — their powers are delegated by the federal government. All three territories have large Indigenous populations and vast wilderness areas.

Nunavut is Canada's newest territory — created on April 1, 1999. It was carved out of the Northwest Territories and is home to a predominantly Inuit population. Nunavut is the largest territory by area and one of the most remote regions in the world.

Canada is the second largest country in the world by total area — covering approximately 10 million square kilometres. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north.

1. The Atlantic Provinces — Newfoundland and Labrador, PEI, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Known for fishing, seafood, and rugged coastlines.

2. Central Canada — Quebec and Ontario. Home to the majority of Canada's population, manufacturing, and the seat of federal government.

3. The Prairie Provinces — Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Known for vast wheat fields, cattle ranching, and oil and gas production.

4. The West Coast — British Columbia. Known for mountains, forests, Pacific trade, and a mild climate.

5. The North — Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. Vast wilderness, rich in minerals and wildlife, home to many Indigenous communities.

Canada is extraordinarily rich in natural resources — one of the world's leading producers and exporters of energy, minerals, agricultural products, and forest products. Natural resources are managed primarily by provincial governments.

Canada produces most of the world's maple syrup — mainly from Quebec. Canada is also one of the world's leading producers of uranium (Saskatchewan) and potash (used as fertilizer), also from Saskatchewan.

Canada has one of the largest economies in the world — consistently ranked among the top ten globally. Canada's economy is a mixed market economy, combining private enterprise with government programs and social services.

The economy has three main sectors:

Primary sector — extracting natural resources: farming, fishing, forestry, mining, and energy production. This sector is especially important in rural and northern Canada.

Secondary sector — manufacturing and processing: turning raw materials into goods. Major industries include automobile manufacturing (Ontario), aerospace (Quebec), and food processing.

Tertiary sector (services) — the largest sector of Canada's economy. Includes retail, banking, health care, education, technology, tourism, and government services. Most Canadians work in the service sector.

The United States is Canada's largest trading partner by far — the two countries share the world's largest bilateral trading relationship. Canada exports oil, vehicles, machinery, gold, and agricultural products to the US.

Canada is a member of the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) — formerly NAFTA — which governs free trade across North America.

Canada is also a member of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), giving it access to markets across Asia and the Pacific.

Canada's currency is the Canadian dollar (CAD). The Bank of Canada is the country's central bank, responsible for monetary policy and issuing currency.

Toronto, Ontario — Canada's largest city and financial capital. Home to the Toronto Stock Exchange and a major centre of banking, media, and technology.

Montreal, Quebec — Canada's second largest city and the largest French-speaking city in North America outside of Paris. A major centre of culture, arts, and aerospace.

Vancouver, British Columbia — Canada's third largest city and its primary Pacific port. A major hub for trade with Asia and a centre of the technology and film industries.

Calgary, Alberta — the centre of Canada's oil and gas industry. One of Canada's fastest-growing cities.

Ottawa, Ontario — Canada's national capital. Home to Parliament Hill, the Supreme Court of Canada, and the Governor General's residence (Rideau Hall).

Quebec City, Quebec — Canada's oldest walled city and a UNESCO World Heritage site. The capital of Quebec province and a centre of French-Canadian culture.

Canada's population is approximately 38–40 million people. Canada is one of the world's most urbanized countries — over 80% of Canadians live in cities, most within 300 kilometres of the US border.

Canada has two official languages — English and French. French is the primary language in Quebec and parts of New Brunswick, Ontario, and Manitoba. New Brunswick is Canada's only officially bilingual province.

The Canadian Shield is a massive area of ancient rock covering roughly half of Canada — running through northern Ontario, Quebec, and into the territories. It is rich in minerals but has thin soil unsuitable for farming.

The Great Lakes — shared with the United States — are the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world. They border Ontario and are a vital transportation and water resource.

The St. Lawrence River — flowing from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic — is one of Canada's most important waterways, connecting the interior of the continent to the ocean.